EFFECTS OF MANUAL SUBOCCIPITAL MUSCLES “RELEASE” ON PAIN AND DISABILITY IN ADULTS WITH TENSIVE/CERVICOGENIC HEADACHE OR NECK PAIN: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Introduction

The Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition Technique (MSIT) induces muscle relaxation in the area between occiput and cervical spine. The technique applies a pressure on suboccipital area while the patient lies supine. Suboccipital muscles are involved in the control of posture and head movements[ 1 ]. Several studies proposed the use of this technique to treat pain caused by tension-type/cervicogenic headaches and neck pain[ 2 ]. The clinical effects are thought to be mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Indeed, MSIT seems to release neurotransmitters with both psycho-emotional and general well-being effects[ 3 ]. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the effectiveness of MSIT on pain and disability in adults with tensive/cervicogenic headaches or neck pain.

Methods

The review was conducted following the PRISMA statement 2020. Adults with head-neck dysfunction (tension-type/cervicogenic headaches and neck pain) were included. The MSIT had to be performed as follows: subject supine, therapist with hands placed below the patient’s head to create pressure at the level of the suboccipital muscles. Secondary research was excluded. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Epistemonikos, PEDro, and Web of Science databases. Two blinded reviewers checked the studies for adherence to inclusion and exclusion criteria. A third reviewer addressed any conflict. The outcomes related to pain and disability were extracted. Table ROB-2, was used to assess risk of bias. The meta-analysis was conducted following standard guidelines using the R statistical environment and the meta and metasens packages.

Results

From a total of 3844 records, 13 randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving 745 subjects were included. MSIT was applied with varying frequency and duration: from 1 to 5 times weekly, for 1 to 8 weeks with sessions lasting from 4 to 20 minutes. Specifically, 8 out of 13 RCTs proposed 1/2 sessions per week for 4 weeks of treatment while 10 out of 13 RCTs applied MSIT lasting 5/10 minutes. In addition, 8 out of 13 RCTs investigated the effects of MSIT I addition to exercises or cervical manipulation. Most of the studies showed significant effect of MSIT on pain and disability (reduction in headache frequency and intensity). These improvements increased when MSIT was associated with other treatment. The studies showed overall uncertain risk of bias. The meta-analysis involved 9 RCTs, showing moderate significance (P=0.04, RR=0.59, 95% CI 0.53-0.67; substantial heterogeneity I2=51%) in favor of using the treatment over control groups on pain.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results suggest that MSIT can reduce pain and disability in subjects with head-neck dysfunction. However, the study has some limitations including the lack of uniformity of measurement scales used in the studies to assess different outcomes such as pain and disability. Future studies with long-term follow-up are needed to identify the optimal effects of manual therapy approaches in terms of number of sessions, duration of treatment and interaction with other interventions. The application of this technique in combination with other manipulative techniques and cervical exercise is recommended.

REFERENCES

1. Cho SH, Kim SH, Park DJ. The comparison of the immediate effects of application of the suboccipital muscle inhibition and self-myofascial release techniques in the suboccipital region on short hamstring. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015 Jan;27(1):195-7.
2. Kuchera ML. Applying osteopathic principles to formulate treatment for patients with chronic pain. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2007;107(10 Suppl 6):Es28–38.
3. Santos G.J.B., Severiano M.I.R. A importância do toque terapêutico. FIEP Bulletin, 2011, 81: 1-7.